/root: Home directory of the root user./etc:
/shadow: Contains password hashes./hosts: Holds DNS records./<default package manager>/sources.list: Lists software repositories./resolv.conf: DNS configurations (overridable)./systemd/resolved.conf: Permanent DNS configurations (cannot be overridden)./fstab: File system table, specifying automatic mounts on boot./home: User's home directory./mnt: Where filesystems are mounted./media: USB devices are mounted here./bin: Application binaries./lib: Libraries and shared programs./opt: Applications.pwd: Print working directory.whoami: Display current user.cd:
..: Move one level up.~: Move to home directory.whatis <command>: Show command function.ls:
-l: Long listing.-a: Show hidden files.man <program name>: Display manual pages.locate <keyword>: Locate keyword occurrences.whereis <keyword>: Locate binary file.which <keyword>: Return binary location.find <directory> <options> <expression>: Search in directory.--) for word options.-) for single-letter options.cat:
<filename>: Create a file.<filename>: Append to a file.touch <filename>: Create a new file.mkdir <directory name>: Create a new directory.
-p: Make nested directories if they don't exist.rmdir <directory>: Remove an empty directory.cp <file source> <file destination>: Copy a file.mv <source> <destination>: Move a file or directory.rm <filename>: Remove a file.
-r: Recursively remove a directory.-f: Force removal.-i: Prompt before removal.grep <keyword>: Filter for keywords.
-i: Case-insensitive.-o: Print each occurrence on a separate line.tee: Read from standard input and write to standard output and files.wc: Word count.
-l: Number of lines.-w: Number of words.-m: Number of characters.echo <string> > <file>: Write string to a file.echo <string> >> <file>: Append string to a file.diff <file 1> <file 2>: Show differences between files.head <file>: View the beginning of a file.tail <file>: View the last lines of a file.cut -d "<delimiter>": Cut a string using a delimiter.nl <file>: Display line numbers in a file.sed: Stream editor for search and replace.more <file>: Page through a file.less <file>: Scroll through a file.sort: Sort a file.uniq: Remove duplicate lines.base64 -d <file>: Decode a base64-encoded text.ifconfig: Query active network connections.iwconfig: Query active wireless connections.nmcli dev wifi: View WiFi AP and info.dhclient <interface>: Request a new IP address.dig <domain name> ns: Get domain nameserver info.netstat: Network status.curl <website>: Send GET request to a server.apt-get update: Update package list.apt-get upgrade: Upgrade packages.apt-get install <package name>: Install a package.dpkg -i <package.deb>: Install a local .deb package.pacman -Syu: Update package lists and upgrade system.pacman -S <package name>: Install a package.pacman -R <package name>: Remove a package.useradd <username>: Add a new user.su <username>: Switch user.passwd: Change current user's password.chown <username> <file/dir>: Change file/directory ownership.chmod <rwx ogu octal notation> <file/dir>: Change permissions.ps: List processes.top: Display processes ordered by resource usage.kill -<signal number> <PID>: Send a signal to a process.renice <nice absolute value> <PID>: Change process priority.env: View default environment variables.export <environment variable>: Export a variable to the system.unzip: Unzip .zip files.tar: Archive multiple files into a single file.gzip: Compress files.dd if=<input file> of <output file>: Bitwise copy of a file or filesystem.service <service name> <start|stop|restart>: Control service state.airmon-ng check kill: Kill interfering processes.airmon-ng start|stop|restart <interface>: Set WiFi card to monitor/active modes.airodump-ng <interface>: Capture and display key data from APs and clients.aireplay-ng --deauth 100 -a <BSSID> -c <BSSID> <interface>: Deauthenticate clients from an AP.aircrack-ng -w <dictionary> -b <BSSID> <hash file.cap>: Crack password hash with a dictionary attack.NetworkManager.service and wpa_supplicant.service.hcxdumptool and hcxpcapngtool for capturing and processing packets.