Lists

• append(item): Adds item to the end of the list.
• insert(index, item): Inserts item at the specified index.
• pop(index=-1): Removes and returns the item at index. Default is the last item.
• remove(item): Removes the first occurrence of item.
• clear(): Removes all items from the list.
• sort(reverse=False, key=None): Sorts the list in place.
• slicing: list[start:end:step] returns a sliced portion of the list.
• list comprehension: [expression for item in iterable if condition]

Tuples

• index(item): Returns the index of the first occurrence of item.
• count(item): Returns the number of occurrences of item.
• unpacking: a, b, c = my_tuple

Dictionary

• pop(key, default=None): Removes and returns the value of key.
• popitem(): Removes and returns the last (key, value) pair.
• keys(): Returns a view object of dictionary keys.
• values(): Returns a view object of dictionary values.
• items(): Returns a view object of (key, value) pairs.
• copy(): Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.
• update(other_dict): Updates the dictionary with elements from another dictionary.

Set

• add(item): Adds item to the set.
• remove(item): Removes item from the set. Raises KeyError if not found.
• discard(item): Removes item from the set if present.
• union(other_set): Returns a set containing all elements from both sets.
• intersection(other_set): Returns a set with elements common to both sets.
• difference(other_set): Returns a set with elements in the current set but not in other_set.
• update(other_set): Updates the set with elements from other_set.

String

• strip(): Removes leading and trailing whitespace.
• upper(): Converts all characters to uppercase.
• lower(): Converts all characters to lowercase.
• startswith(prefix): Returns True if the string starts with the specified prefix.
• endswith(suffix): Returns True if the string ends with the specified suffix.
• find(substring): Returns the lowest index of the substring. Returns -1 if not found.
• count(substring): Returns the number of occurrences of substring.
• replace(old, new): Replaces all occurrences of old with new.
• split(delimiter): Splits the string into a list using delimiter.
• join(iterable): Joins elements of an iterable into a string, separated by the string.

Functions

• len(): Returns the length of an object.
• type(): Returns the type of an object.
• tuple(): Converts an iterable to a tuple.
• copy(): Returns a shallow copy of an object.
• list(): Converts an iterable to a list.
• dict(): Creates a new dictionary.
• sys.getsizeof(): Returns the size of an object in bytes.
• del: Deletes an object.
• set(): Creates a new set.

Collections

• Counter: A dict subclass for counting hashable objects.
• namedtuple(): Returns a tuple subclass with named fields.
• OrderedDict: A dict subclass that maintains the order of items.
• defaultdict: A dict subclass that returns a default value for missing keys.
• deque: A double-ended queue optimized for fast appends and pops.

Lambda

• lambda arguments: expression: Anonymous function.

Map Function

• map(function, sequence): Applies function to every item of sequence and returns an iterator.

Filter Function

• filter(function, sequence): Filters elements in sequence for which function returns True.

Exceptions

• raise: Raises an exception.
• assert: Tests an expression, raises AssertionError if false.
• try...except...finally: Handles exceptions.
• else block: Executes if the try block does not raise an exception.
• exception classes: Custom exceptions by inheriting from Exception.

Logging

• basicConfig(): Configures the logging system.
• debug(): Logs a message with level DEBUG.
• info(): Logs a message with level INFO.
• warning(): Logs a message with level WARNING.
• error(): Logs a message with level ERROR.
• critical(): Logs a message with level CRITICAL.
• getLogger(name): Returns a logger with the specified name.
• StreamHandler(): Logs to the console.
• FileHandler(filename): Logs to a file.
• formatter: Defines the log message format.
• addHandler(handler): Adds a handler to the logger.
• logging.conf file: Configuration file for logging.
• traceback.format_exc(): Returns a string with the traceback of the last exception.
• RotatingFileHandler: Logs to a file, rotating logs when the file reaches a certain size.
• TimedRotatingFileHandler: Rotates logs at a set interval.

JSON

• dump(obj, file, ...): Serializes obj to a file-like object.
• dumps(obj, ...): Serializes obj to a JSON-formatted string.
• load(file, ...): Deserializes JSON from a file-like object.
• loads(s, ...): Deserializes JSON from a string.

Random

• random(): Returns a random float between 0.0 and 1.0.
• uniform(a, b): Returns a random float between a and b.
• randint(a, b): Returns a random integer between a and b.
• randrange(start, stop, step): Returns a randomly selected element from range(start, stop, step).
• sample(population, k): Returns a list of k unique elements from population.
• choices(population, k): Returns a list of k elements from population, allowing repeats.
• shuffle(sequence): Shuffles the sequence in place.

Secrets

• randbelow(n): Returns a random integer below n.
• randbits(k): Returns a random integer with k random bits.
• choice(sequence): Returns a randomly chosen element from sequence.

Handling Files Reading/Writing

• open(filename, mode): Opens a file for reading/writing.
• read(), readline(), readlines(): Reading from a file.
• write(), writelines(): Writing to a file.

Decorators

• function decorators: @decorator to modify function behavior.
• class decorators: @decorator to modify class behavior.

Generators

• generator functions: Functions that use yield to return values one at a time.
• generator expressions: (expression for item in iterable if condition)

Function Args and Kwargs

• *args: Allows passing a variable number of positional arguments.
• **kwargs: Allows passing a variable number of keyword arguments.